Quantitative and Qualitative Critiques - 3025 Words

Critique 1 Edwal et al study (2007): This study was conducted within the primary care in Sweden. The research question is designed to get better understanding of the lived experience of type 2 diabetes patients, during regular check-ups with the diabetes nurse specialists. Research Methods This research is a qualitative study using the phenomenological-hermenetic method. Parahoo (2006) states that qualitative research explores the individual’s beliefs and life experiences in order to gain an in depth-insight, and tries to understand human behaviours .Phenomenology focuses on people with lived experience which aims to find out the full picture of the participant’s own point of view during certain events in life. (Macnee, 2004).†¦show more content†¦However no informed consent is mentioned in the article. Griffin and Titler (2009) state that informed consent is a legal document to ensure that the individual has fully understood the study being undertaken, and that participants can withdraw anytime if they wish not to be included in the study. Although Qualitative research is criticized due to its small sample base, its strength lies in its flexibility to allow detailed scrutiny into complex phenomena, revealing valuable insights. Therefore, overall, the study has achieved its purpose, and the findings can be transferred to other future settings. Critique 2 Research methods A quantitative study, using quasi-experimental design was conducted. A literature review and pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a community nursing intervention in improving healing rates of venous leg ulcers. Quantitative research is a scientific method to investigate and measure the relationships between two variables of the research questions (Parahoo, 2006). There are four methods of quantitative research, these are: descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental. Type of method(s) used will depends on the research questions. In this study a quasi-experimental design is used because it is appropriate for the research question as Pilot and Beck (2004) state, that quasi-experimental fits in this study because subjects were assigned inShow MoreRelatedEssay about Critique of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Articles4724 Words   |  19 Pagesobese Type 2 diabetics (T2D) to make changes in their lifestyle, Whittemore et al. (2009) deci ded to do a study to see if there is a need for programs to decrease the incidence of Type 2 diabetes. The article selected is an example of experimental quantitative design. The summary model can be found in the text on pages 112 through 114 in Polit Beck (2012). There were four Nurse Practitioner (NPs) groups recruited for this study. There were four randomized sites used for the study, two sites, whichRead MoreCritiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Research1465 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 6: Critiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Kaplan University July 16, 2013 Unit 6 Critiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Research The research conducted by Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio and Braun (1999) is a quantitative study of the significance of crossing the legs while blood pressure is being measured. The purpose of the research was to determine whether leg-crossing impacted the results of blood pressure measurements. The research conducted by Palese, SkrapRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research1442 Words   |  6 Pageslevel, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3) Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual imagesRead MoreA Research Study On Sedation Management799 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Critique The design of both quantitative and qualitative research offer valuable information to the health sciences. There are circumstances when certainty is necessary, and a quantitative design is needed. In contrast, there are times when an understanding of the quality of a particular social interaction is needed. The paper will apply a quantitative and a qualitative research article to the topic of sedation management to help validate meaning gleaned from two different research designsRead Moreadvantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research.1019 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research. This essay will initially present the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research and briefly quantitative research. It will then go on to critique a qualitative research article yet due to the word count only several factors of this will be critiqued and the article is by Wills et al (2005). Later it will consider the use of the research paper within the clinical practice area; and discuss whetherRead MoreKaplan Studies1329 Words   |  6 PagesCritiquing A Qualitative And Quantitative Study Eunique Burgos Kaplan University Critiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Studies In this research paper, we are to critique two different articles where one is based upon a qualitative study and the other one is based upon a quantitative study. The articles that were chosen for us to critique are The Effects Of Crossed Leg On Blood Pressure Measurement, which is the quantitative study and The Experience Of Patients Undergoing Awake CraniotomyRead MoreDeveloping a framework for critiquing health research5723 Words   |  23 Pagesis presented in this article. More commonly used existing frameworks tend to have been formulated within the quantitative research paradigm. While frameworks for critiquing qualitative research exist, they are often complex and more suited to the needs of students engaged in advanced levels of study. The framework presented in this article addresses both quantitative and qualitative research within one list of questions. It is argued that this assists the ‘novice’ student of nursing and health-relatedRead MoreEssay on Qualitative Analysis Critique1343 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Research Critique There are many differences between quantitative and qualitative research. Such things like: quantitative research provides only variables that can predict specific results but it does not tell us very much about how the variables affect an individual’s life course. Qualitative research adversely provides an enriched understanding of characteristics, qualities, attributes, and environmental factors affecting life events. Qualitative analysis can give understandingRead MoreAnalyzing The Attitudes Of Patients Towards Diabetes Education Essay720 Words   |  3 PagesIn this articles critique, two articles are evaluated; one using qualitative and the second using quantitative research approaches. Particularly, it contrasts information gathered because of using the approaches, advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches and a response to the claim that qualitative research is not real science. Schà ¤fer, I., Pawels, M., Kà ¼ver, C., Pohontsch, N. J., Scherer, M., van den Bussche, H., Kaduszkiewicz, H. (2014). Strategies for Improving ParticipationRead MoreThe Principle Of Conducting Research990 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to address these needs or challenges. Quantitative research is a recognized, official, objective, rigorous, systematic process for creating statistical information and data about the nation. Quantitative research is conducted to define new circumstances, procedures, impression or ideas; test the relationships among variables; and to determine and conclude the effectiveness and efficacy of treatments in the whole world (Burns, 2011). Qualitative research is a systematic, subjective approach

What determines a successful niche strategy Free Essays

Niche marketing is a very important marketing tool that is defined as â€Å"focusing on sub-segments or niches with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy or sometimes-called focus strategy is a marketing segmentation strategy that concentrates or focuses on a few target markets. Users of this strategy hope that by focusing on a few (one or two) markets segments that are narrow, they would be in a better position to meet the needs of that market. Therefore the company strives to tailor make its marketing mix to suit these specialized markets that it has identified. We will write a custom essay sample on What determines a successful niche strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now By using the niche strategy the company easily stands to gain or have a competitive advantage by being effective rather than efficient. (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy in most cases is suitable for small firms although it is open to any company which would want to utilize it in selecting targets with lesser substitute vulnerability or where there is weak competition. (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) There are several factors that greatly enhance a successful niche strategy and include: – 1) Market –research Before developing any niche market it is very important to conduct a comprehensive market research of the desired market before embarking on any marketing program. Towards this end, a SWOT analysis that highlights the strength and weaknesses of the company vis-à  -vis the market it desires to segment is very necessary. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) The market research will enable the company determine the market characteristics that will enable it serve this particular segment in a better way. Such characteristics would include, customer preferences, desirable price ranges level of competition, product differentiation, distribution channels, the marketing mix and various other important marketing variables.   (Chisnall, P.M.1997) When these characteristics have been established and defined the company on its part designs a marketing model that should suit the target market and be a profitable venture for the company. The market research in itself will enable the company not only identify a market but will give it more information on the demographic history of the market as well. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) 2) Create customer loyalty. One major threat to establishing and growing any niche is competition. Competition may eat up a share of the company’s market, reducing the profitability or worse still drive out the company from the market. Towards this end it is very important for the company to make it its priority to listen to the customers. When the company makes it its goal to carefully listen to the customers, it will have the ability to create products or services that will not only meet customer expectations but will meet their needs as well. Listening to the customer will enable the company differentiate its product range to suit the needs of the niche. This will in turn create loyalty that will enable the company weather any form of competition, in fact when customers are loyal it will be very difficult for them to seek other alternatives or switch to the competitors. (Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J., 1996) 3) Develop two or more niches By developing two or more niches it will prove quite advantageous to the company in several ways. The experiences and lessons gained in other niches will give the company the ability to tackle the challenges that would likely to occur in a different niche. (Baker, M. 2000) Two or more niches on the other hand may work towards supporting each other especially in the advent of any form of competition; for example when one niche is faced with competition other niches can be of great support especially if price competition would be necessary. Two or more niches supporting each other gives the company a leverage that would enable it sustain any form of marketing campaign to maintain high market penetration. By maintaining two or more niches, the company lowers the risk of closing shop just in case one of the niches collapses or is faced with competition and there’s a reduction in profitability levels.   By developing more than two niches the chances of success are increased tremendously as well. (Baker, M. 2000) 4) Focus on a particular region To achieve successful specialization, it is important for the company to address those geographic markets that other competitors ignore. By focusing on a particular region, it is easier for the organization to design a distribution channel that will not only be effective in terms of logistics but will ensure timeliness in the distribution of goods or services. By focusing on a particular area, it enables the company to create or design an effective marketing strategy to promote and create awareness of its goods and services. The company also stands a better chance of interacting with the customers more deeply and freely to which case it would be easier to predict the buying trends and the customer preferences. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Gamma Plc Gamma PLC produces very high quality motors for garden mowers and this fact gives it an edge over its competitors in this particular niche. However the company can not sit back and sit on its laurels, It is imperative for company to work extra hard to ensure it commands these niche especially with the competition of such established organizations like Yamaha and Honda.   To guard itself from this onslaught there are certain challenges that the company will face which might force it out. Competition As it is, already the company is facing competition from such world acclaimed names like Yamaha and Honda. For such names to be attracted to such a market, then it follows that the market is very lucrative. Gamma PLC is not quite renown, apart maybe for this particular market segment, unlike the competitors who are well established and with renowned brands. The big players if they would decide to flex their muscle, this might drive out Gamma from this niche. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) They can do this in various ways including powerfully utilizing the 4ps (Price, promotion, product and place) of marketing. The kind of marketing or promotion blitz they would likely conduct, would obviously be superior compared to Gamma’s with a lesser budget. Besides, these companies’ would likely introduce price wars that would have adverse effect on Gamma Plc, whose budget would likely be comparatively small. The latter’s prices cannot compete with those ones of the more established firms. This kind of competition would prove to be a nightmare for Gamma whose niche is under threat. After all, the bigger companies’ bottom line would not be affected in any way because their presence is worldwide and are more experienced and advanced especially with the marketing capabilities. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) The competitors may also decide to adopt or even copy how Gamma Plc is producing its high quality motors, thereby claiming some of the market share. Competition may also come in terms of remuneration and staff training where the other organizations may be attractive to employees in Gamma. The niche strategy may be limiting By adopting and relying on this particular niche the company would be faced with another challenge of future growth. Because it might expend all its energies trying to defend this niche from Yamaha and Honda it might lack the resources to venture in other markets thereby limiting its own growth. This is always foreseen especially if the market is relatively small. As time goes by Gamma’s market share might shrink which might eventually affect its continued production of highly quality motors. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Is the market defensible? This should be the question that should be ringing in the minds of Gamma Plc’s management. It would not be worthwhile to cling to one niche especially if it is not defensible. Most small companies like Gamma will find it challenging to judge this especially bearing in mind that this is the market that supports the organization. The company may lack the resources to get out if the competition becomes unbearable and establish another niche elsewhere. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). The market would be defensible if the customers within the niche have shown the willingness to support the company regardless of who comes to compete, which is to mean they are strictly loyal to Gamma. It would also mean that the market would be big enough to warrant any fight over it. However if the market is small and shrinking there’s not need to waste the resources to defend it. Substitute Products Gamma Plc manufactures quality products and as stated before this might be the edge it might be having over the competition. However, it is worth noting that quality in most cases comes at a higher price. Thus consumers would likely to be charged more compared to similar products from other companies. Yamaha and Honda may take advantage of this by providing cheaper alternatives that the customers can select from. This means that not all consumers use quality as the driving purchasing factor. Most consumers will go for cheaper products provided the offer similar functions. This would force Gamma either to lower quality so that the product becomes cheaper or seek for more efficient ways of production. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). Gamma Plc most probably specializes in the production of motors for garden mowers, which in essence means that they lack any other product line, unlike Yamaha and Honda who have a very wide product range, that ranges from generators to motorbikes. The range could be a very crucial marketing entry point for consumers who might not necessarily want motors for garden mowers yet they possess them. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). REFERENCES Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edition, Macmillan Business. Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1997) Marketing An Introduction. Fourth Edition. New  Ã‚   Jersey. Prentince Hall International Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. (1991) Making Niche Marketing Work, New York:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGraw Hill Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J. (1996) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, USA:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irwin             How to cite What determines a successful niche strategy, Essay examples

There Will Be Blood Analysis free essay sample

The film explores themes of ambition, loneliness, lust for power, false personas, hatred, lack of faith, mistrust and loss of humanity. Anderson explores these themes through the characters of Daniel Plainview and Eli Sunday. In addition to character exploration, Anderson uses a variety of cinematic techniques in order to subtextually portray these themes. These techniques include, contrasting lighting, long shots, wide angles and mis en scene. The first themes to be explored in There Will Be Blood are ambition and loneliness. The film begins with a wide shot of a vast and open terrain. This signifies the emptiness of our setting. We meet the character of Daniel Plainview (Daniel Day Lewis) deep below the ground in a mining shaft. Plainview is working in absolute darkness. This could be symbolic of Plainview’s current economic or social position. However, his loneliness and labor is a product of his ambition and lust for power. However, his loneliness and labor is a product of his ambition and lust for power. This ambition is visually revealed to us when Plainview climbs out of his mine and makes his way into town to sell his silver. All of this is done with a broken leg. This ascension out of the darkness of the shaft is visually symbolic of Plainview’s path to power. Plainview begins drilling for oil and becomes a more powerful figure. God like imagery is now associated with Plainview in order to visually portray this power. For example, pools of light gather behind Daniel’s head as he looks down into an oil rig. This makes him appear to be holy or God like. Eventually, a worker dies in Plainview’s oil rig and Daniel is left covered in blood and oil; this is a reoccurring visual element in the film. Another reoccurring element of the film is the association of oil with death. The worker leaves behind a child named H. W who Daniel adopts. The child wears white garments which are contrasted with the darkness of Daniel’s attire and the blackness of the oil that now consumes the landscape. These white garments could be representative of religious imagery. Daniel and H. W eventually go into business as partners. Daniel attempts to create the impression that he is a family man, thus making purchasing land easier. This introduces the theme of false personas. Daniel’s second false personas is one of a man who is driven by need to help his community. In reality all of his motives are interior. This explains the film’s contrasting lighting. Scenes with bright high key light are contrasted with scenes of darkness where Plainview’s face is hidden in shaddow. In turn, we begin to see a clear hatred of religion in Daniel. This introduces the theme of lack of faith. Daniel’s lack of faith could be attributed to his developing God complex. This theme is explored further with the introduction of Daniel’s antithesis, Eli Sunday (Paul Dano). Eli is a pastor who immediately attempts to exert power of Daniel by attempting to bless his oil well. Plainview responds by blessing it himself. This is further evidence for Daniel’s God complex which puts the characters in direct conflict. Both men are attempting to exert control over one another. Eli is attempting to bring Daniel into his congregation and Daniel is attempting to exert his power over Eli’s community. We see visual contrast between Daniel and Eli with how both men are framed in shots. Eli is often framed in tight shots with crowds and people around him. This is in contrast with Daniel who is framed in wide, empty shots. Daniel’s relationship with Eli shines a light on another theme, hatred. When Daniel starts a friendship with his brother Henry, he abandons his false persona and reveals his true self. Plainview admits to a deep seated hatred of humanity and his desire to be alone. The character of Henry is important due to the fact that Plainview places his trust in a person for the first time in the film. This trust is destroyed when it’s revealed that Henry is a conman. This introduces the theme of mistrust and signifies a character shift in Plainview. Daniel has now his humanity which is represented by his abandonment of H. W. Eventually, Eli attempts to exert power over Daniel by blackmailing him into being baptized. However, we are able to see that Daniel still holds full power through the God imagery association in the scene. A large bright cross is placed over Plainview’s head as he is being Baptized. Also, despite being on his knees he is still filmed as the dominant in the frame. The baptism is also used for ironic purposes because a man who lacks any humanity has now allegedly been saved. The film then jumps through time to the mid 1920’s. Daniel is living alone in an enormous mansion with nothing but a servant as company. This brings the theme of loneliness full circle. Plainview started out the film alone and in search of power. He now has massive amounts of wealth and power but is still alone. We also see a sequence in which Plainview drunkenly walks down a flight of stairs. This is visually symbolic of Plainview’s descension. This can also be compared to Plainview being underground in a mineshaft in the start of the film. Despite his long journey and quest for power, Plainview has made no progression. The film climaxes with a final meeting between Daniel and Eli. Eli demonstrates his false persona in this scene when he claims that he and Daniel are old friends. This is just in a desperate attempt to get money. This puts Daniel in the ultimate position of power. He forces Eli to abandon his faith by denouncing God. This acts as an anti baptism with Daniel performing it. In this scene the true animal within Daniel emerges as he maliciously controls all of Eli’s actions. We also see a final emergence of Daniel’s God complex when he proclaims that he is the third revelation (Eli’s Church). This scene also serves as a portrayal of hypocrisy. Eli, who allegedly operates as a moral figure throughout the film now abandons his faith for money. This scene also makes us wonder if Daniel, despite being a murderer, has more redeeming qualities than the hypocritical Eli. In addition Anderson sets Eli’s death in a bowling alley which could be symbolic of lying dead in a gutter which is a traditionally seen as a less than heroic way of dying. P. T Anderson uses a variety of cinematic techniques and visual symbols in order to add to his complex thematic narrative. Daniel Plainview is always shot as the dominant in the frame. This is symbolic of his power in the film. Also, as the film progresses the shots that Daniel are in become wider and emptier. This is representative of his loss of humanity and his isolation. Often times when we see Daniel the frame will be void of any other characters. In addition to this we often see a large empty landscape filled with spread out oil rigs behind Daniel. These oil rigs in a large dessert terrain come to be associated with Daniel’s character. Anderson also uses frames in order to isolate Daniel. He often times shoots him through windows and doorways. This is representative of Daniel’s detachment from others. Another symbolic image that comes to be associated with Daniel is fire. In a scene where an oil rig explodes, Daniel watches the fire with joy. The fire comes to be associated with Daniel’s burning ambition. However, it also comes to represent his hatred as evident by a fire burning when he kills Henry. Fire is also at times associated with H. W’s hatred as well. After weeks of being ignored by his father, H. W attempts to set the Plainview cabin on fire. Anderson also experiments with character proximity in relation to Daniel and H. W. Early in the film they are filmed very close together in medium shots and closeups. The expanding frame and distance between them becomes symbolic of their relationship. Evidence for this comes in a scene where H. W and Daniel are reunited. The scene is shot from an extra wide angle which takes away any sense of intimacy between the two characters. Another reoccurring visual element in this film is industry. Oil rigs, pipelines, trains and cars are all portrayed as motifs within he film. The film’s climax within the Plainview mansion also uses heavy visual symbolism. When Daniel descends the stairs his frame is filled with vertical bars from the banister. This is symbolic of Daniel being a prisoner in his own home. The film’s final sequence also visually depicts Daniel’s power as he hovers above a crying Eli. Also, when Eli lays bleeding and dying a gutter separates the two characters in a birds eye shot. This could be a reference to Daniel’s God complex. It also acts as a barrier between the two characters in reference to Daniel’s detachment. There Will Be Blood is one of the most interesting and compelling character studies in recent film history. P. T Anderson portrays the fall of a less than human anti hero that we ultimately feel sympathy for. The film’s innovative use of camera techniques, lighting, visual symbolism and mis en scene all combine to create a powerful narrative that highlights the nature of human flaws.

Performance Appraisal free essay sample

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House is a dramatic play that epitomizes the sacrificial role of women, parental and filial obligations, and the unreliability of appearances. The play illustrates the story of the Helmers family, introducing the role and purpose of each character. Moreover the play shows the advantages and limitations of the dramatic form. First and foremost, Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House shows the different advantages of the dramatic forms. These advantages give appeal to its audience. One of these advantages is the use of social interaction skills. With dramatic plays, one an enhance his/ her ability to interact to others, the way he/ she talks, and the way he/ she deliver his/her lines or part. Another advantage is the language development. The vocabulary is more improved in most dramatic play. Script writers often use words that are easy to understand but in addition, they also include new words that maybe new to the audiences hearing. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Appraisal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vocabulary is not the only part that is improved; sentence structuring is as well developed. In dramatic forms, organization of words is highly different. The third advantage of dramatic forms is the use of symbols. In literature, symbolism is very important. Symbols make the story more understandable for the audience or readers. Symbols are the objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas and concepts. Lastly in dramatic forms, fantasy and reality are mixed together. Sometimes fantasy is being turned to reality and on the other hand reality is being turned to fantasy. However, A Dolls House doesnt only show the advantages of the dramatic forms, it also shows its limitations. These limitations sometimes let the audience want for more. Dramatic forms that are not detailed like Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House turn off the audiences ppetite. Oftentimes plays are being summarized, script writers do not include unnecessary details, and they only write what is needed and appropriate for the play. They do not give the audience the whole picture, hence they let the audience think of their own conclusion in some part. In addition, plays have limitations on time. Script writers avoid the audience to get bored, so they avoid long and repetitive scripts. Also plays like this are confusing, since script writers do not give the whole picture to the audience; confusion starts to arise in the middle of the play. Summing up, Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House shows the advantages and limitations of the dramatic forms. Advantages such as language development and use of symbols make dramatic forms more understandable and interesting. Therefore, these advantages help the audience to be more comfortable and attached to the story. On the other hand, the play also illustrates the limitation of dramatic forms.

Why Adding Salt to Water Increases the Boiling Point

Why Adding Salt to Water Increases the Boiling Point If you add salt to water, you increase its boiling point. The temperature will increase about a one-half degree Celsius for every 58 grams of dissolved salt  per kilogram of water.  This is an example of boiling point elevation. The property isnt exclusive to water. It occurs any time you add a non-volatile solute (such as salt) to a solvent (e.g. water). But How Does It Work? Water boils when the molecules are able to overcome the vapor pressure of the surrounding air to move from the liquid phase to the gas phase. A few different processes occur when you add a solute that increases the amount of energy (heat) needed for water to make the transition. When you add salt to water, sodium chloride dissociates into sodium and chlorine ions. These charged particles alter the intermolecular forces between water molecules. In addition to affecting the hydrogen bonding between water molecules, there is an ion-dipole interaction to consider. Every water molecule is a dipole, which means one side (the oxygen side) is more negative and the other side (the hydrogen side) is more positive. The positively-charged sodium ions align with the oxygen side of a water molecule, while the negatively charged chlorine ions align with the hydrogen side of a water molecule. The ion-dipole interaction is stronger than the hydrogen bonding between the water molecules, so more energy is needed to move water away from the ions and into the vapor phase. Even without a charged solute, adding particles to water raises the boiling point because part of the pressure the solution exerts on the atmosphere now comes from solute particles, not just solvent (water) molecules. The water molecules need more energy to produce enough pressure to escape the boundary of the liquid. The more salt (or any solute) added to water, the more you raise the boiling point. The phenomenon depends on the number of particles formed in the solution. Freezing point depression is another colligative property that works the same way, so if you add salt to water you lower its freezing point as well as raise its boiling point. The Boiling Point of NaCl When you dissolve salt in water, it breaks into sodium and chloride ions. If you boiled all the water off, the ions would recombine to form solid salt. However, there is no danger of boiling the NaCl. The boiling point of sodium chloride is 2575 degrees F or 1413 degrees C. Salt, like other ionic solids, has an extremely high boiling point.

How to Reduce Your Financial Stress in College

How to Reduce Your Financial Stress in College For many students, college is the first time they are in control of the majority of their finances. You might now suddenly be responsible for paying your own bills, working a job that you need to make ends meet, and/or making the scholarship money you get in August last through December. Unfortunately, these new financial responsibilities come within a context where money is often unusually tight. So how can you avoid being stressed about your financial situation while in college? Get a Job that Doesnt Stress You out If the responsibilities at your job are making you stressed out, its time to find another job. Make sure, of course, that your hourly wage is enough to help you meet your financial obligations. On that same note, however, your job shouldnt be providing a paycheck and causing you to seriously stress out. Look for a good on-campus job or one near campus that offer a relaxed work environment that is supportive and understanding of your life (and responsibilities) as a college student. Make a Budget The very idea of a budget often makes people think of having to sit down with a calculator, track every penny they spend, and go without the things they want the most. This, of course, is only true if thats what you want to make your budget look like. Set aside 30 minutes at the start of every semester to list what your expenses will be. Then figure out how much youll need each month to cover these expenses and what sources of income youll have (on-campus job, money from your parents, scholarship money, etc.). And then ... voila! You have a budget. Knowing what your expenses will be ahead of time can help you figure out how much money youll need and when. And knowing that kind of information will greatly reduce the financial stress in your life (not to mention having to bum off of your friends meal plans at the end of each semester when yours gets low). Stick to Your Budget Having an awesome budget doesnt mean anything if you dont stick with it. So check in with your financial self every week about how your spending looks. Do you have enough in your account to still meet the expenses youll have for the rest of the semester? Is your spending on track? If not, what do you need to cut down on, and where can you find some extra funds during your time in school? Understand the Difference Between Wants and Needs Do you need a winter jacket while in college? Of course. Do you need to have a brand-new, expensive winter jacket every year while in college? Definitely not. You may want to have a brand-new, expensive winter jacket each year, but you definitely dont need one. When it comes to looking at how you spend your money, make sure you differentiate between wants and needs. For example: Need coffee? Fair enough! Need coffee at $4 a cup at the coffee shop on campus? Nope! Consider brewing some at home and bringing it to campus in a travel mug that will keep it warm throughout your first class of the day. (Added bonus: Youll save your budget and the environment at the same time!) Cut out Costs Wherever Possible See how long you can go without spending any money, either with cash or through your debit and credit card(s). What were you able to live without? What kinds of things could be cut from your budget that you wouldnt miss too much but that would help you save money? What kinds of things could you easily do without? What kinds of things are expensive but not really worth what you have to pay for them? Saving money in college might be easier than you first think. Keep Track of Where Your Money Goes Your bank may offer something online or you can choose to use a website, like mint.com, that helps you see where your money goes each month. Even if you think you know where and how you spend your money, actually seeing it graphed out can be an eye-opening experience―and key for you to reduce your financial stress during your time in school. Avoid Using Your Credit Cards Sure, there can be times to use your credit card in college, but those times should be few and far between. If you think things are tight and stressful now, imagine what theyd be like if you racked up a lot of credit card debt, couldnt make your minimum payments, and had creditors calling to harass you all day long. While credit cards can be good in a pinch, they should definitely be a last resort. Talk to the Financial Aid Office If your financial situation in college is causing you significant stress, it may be because youre in a situation that is financial unsustainable. While most students experience tight budgets, they shouldnt be so tight that the stress they cause is overwhelming. Make an appointment to talk to a financial aid officer to discuss your financial aid package. Even if your school cant make any changes to your package, they might be able to suggest some external resources that can help you with your finances―and, consequently, with your stress levels. Know Where to Get Money in an Emergency Some of your financial stress may be coming from not having an answer to the What will I do if something major happens? question. For example, you might know you dont have the money to fly home if theres a family emergency, or you might not having the money to fix your car, which you need to get to school, if you were in an accident or needed a major repair. Spending a little time now to figure out where to get money in an emergency can help alleviate the stress that comes from feeling like youre walking on thin financial ice all of the time. Be Honest With Your Parents or Sources of Financial Support Your parents may think theyre sending you enough money or that your taking an on-campus job will distract you from your academics, but the reality can sometimes be a little different. If you need to change something in your financial situation, be honest with those who are contributing to (or depending on) your college finances. Asking for help might be intimidating but it might also be a great way to ease up on the factors causing you stress day in and day out. Make Time to Apply for More Scholarships Every year, its impossible to miss the news headlines that report on just how much money in scholarships goes unclaimed. No matter how tight your time is, you can always find a few minutes here and there to find and apply for more scholarships. Think about it: If that $10,000 scholarship only took you 4 hours to research and apply for, wasnt that a good way to spend your time? Thats like earning $2,500 an hour! Spending half an hour here and there to find scholarships can be one of the best ways to spend your time and reduce, over the long-term, the financial stress in college. After all, arent there more exciting things youd like to be focusing on?

Commercial Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Commercial Contracts - Essay Example Unless the seller can proof that all the goods were defective, the buyer is entitled to decline such a move and seek for legal redress. Watchtower vs. Classic Gift Ltd The two partners entered into a contract, where Watchtowers Ltd was supposed to supply Classic Gift Ltd with both the antique watches and the cleaning oil. The latter owns several shops that specialize in the sale of such watches. The managing director of Classic Gift Ltd agreed on a contract with Matthew Achbold, who was the sales director at Watchtower. It is this contract that was supposed to bund the two parties, in ensuring that everything happened according to the stipulations therein. The challenge After the delivery of the goods to Classic Gift, it was found that some of the oil provided had some defects. According to the letter addressed to the sales director of Watchtower, the oil led to malfunctioning of some watches, which were cleaned. It is because of this issue that Julie Fitz thought that they were enti tled to compensation because of the losses incurred. In their reply, the Watchtower indicated that indeed one of the batches of oil supplied may have been contaminated or had defects. The sales director however appeared to defend the fact that the rest batches were up to standard. However, according to the letter addressed to the supplier (seller), the buyer wanted full refund of the money used to make the purchased. In addition to that, the seller insisted that they need to be compensated due to the number of watches that had been affected. For that, reason, apart from refunding the total amount of purchase, there was need to further pay 2,000 pounds. Discussion Prior to the purchase of the materials, Watchtower provided Classic Gift Ltd with a document 1, which provided the terms and conditions that would make the contract legally binding. Some of the stipulations were that for the contract to remain binding, both parties had to address each other in writing, and within some stipu lated period of time1. Secondly, the seller was supposed to ensure that he supplied goods that were free of any defects to the buyer. However, to facilitate this provision, the buyer on the other hand was supposed to inspect the goods sent to ensure they were of the required standard and quality, upon detection of any anomalies, the buyer is obligated to address the buyer in writing, giving their dissatisfactions in the goods2. However, such a complaint was supposed to be done within the first 14 days. If these days elapse, the buyer was not entitled to any compensation. As part of ensuring that the seller was compensated, the terms and conditions stipulated that, the seller would either get partial or full refund. In addition to that, the seller may be provided with another butch of goods that meet the required standard. From the above explanation, it is clear that Classic Gift Ltd was entitled to compensation. The letter addressed to the supplier was made within 14 days. The lette r highlighted the losses that the company had suffered due to the contaminated oil. According to Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, it is imperative to ensure that the buyer of the goods proof reasonably that there was actually a loss that was incurred. Such a loss must be linked to the mistake done by the seller. In the above issue, it is outright that the seller was entitled to remedies. Firstly, it appears that the buyer may have had the knowledge that some of the oil supplied was defective.

Business Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Finance - Assignment Example The HSBC Bank is earnest in the provision of finance to individuals, small, medium sized and large companies to facilitate both formation and growth. The bank is the intent on guiding institutions on ways of improving themselves so that they are more likely to acquire finance whenever necessary; HSBC finances business endeavors aimed at enhancing the business’ ambitions both in the country and overseas. Moreover, the bank believes in cooperation between itself and the client by providing guidance on ways of presenting strong applications for finance in order to improve the clients’ business. The bank has a number of finance products, which target various entities; the small business loan, for instance, is ideal for funding long term business projects and programs. This business loan encompasses loans ranging from 1,000 – 25,000 pounds; thus, it is well within our reach and is repayable in between one year to ten years. HSBC charges a fixed rate of interest for th e duration of the loan, therefore, no terms on reducing balance are offered under this loan type. We have an option to pay or defer the first monthly repayment for up to three months once the loan has been disbursed. Such deferral is non the less considered as part of the loan repayment duration, and interest is charged for every deferred month. In order for clients to track repayments and account for the outstanding balance, the bank has incorporated the Business Internet Banking portal on its website where all interested clients receive a unique user name and password to enable them access their accounts portfolios. We note that HSBC’s charges and rates provide additional avenues for spending money. For instance, all loan applications are subjected to a 100 pound arrangement fee. This covers processing fees and all paperwork. Once disbursal is done, and payment is in default, the bank charges an additional fee for the default. However, the bank allows for overdrafts on loan s, essentially, this is additional funding on an already existing loan. In order to process such an overdraft, the bank charges an additional fee, and the interest is compounded for both the loan and the overdraft; these fees and charges are deducted from the client’s current account which is a mandatory requirement for all loan applicants. The bank rewards early loan settlement by awarding rebates according to the Consumer Credit (Early Settlement) Regulations 2004 (HSBC. 2011, p.14-17). The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), on the other hand, offers different loan packages based on the amount borrowable and the total repayment period. For instance, the bank offers both business and corporate banking modules; under corporate banking, businesses can only borrow from 26,000 pounds. The business banking module is thus better suited to our requirements as it offers facilities to individuals and small companies. Under business banking, RBS offers small business loans and fixed rate b usiness loans. These loans entail borrowing of up to 25,000 pounds and limits of 25,001-250,000 respectively. The small business loan is hence our best option in RBS. Under this type of finance, the bank may require security in the form of either a vehicle or other assets if it feels your repayment potential is questionable. The bank is quite a versatile option as it does not require payment of any arrangement or security fees. However, much like HSBC, RBS’

Gothic settings are desolate, alienating and full of menace Essay Example for Free

Gothic settings are desolate, alienating and full of menace Essay Gothic settings are desolate, alienating and full of menace. In the light of this comment, consider some of the ways in which writers use settings in the gothic texts you have read. In The Bloody Chamber and Wuthering Heights, Carter and Bronte conform to the gothic conventions with desolate and alienating settings that are full of menace, but there are also elements that subvert this view and portray purity and entrapment; the need to escape the gothic mould. A desolate setting is a place without life in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness. This is expressed in The Courtship of Mr Lyon when the girl finds herself bored in the country. This subverts the gothic as the country is associated with purity and feminine inexperience, compared to the male dominated, corrupted city. We see here that the girl longs to break the mould of female passivity with the mean kitchen and her boredom. All the snow and the words light bright and white infer purity and represents her total innocence but also isolation from the outside world, living down a long unmarked country road. Carter places the girl at the window in his tale and ses a lack of description of the kitchen to create a sense of longing for the outside world. She is trapped in the domestic sphere in the kitchen but pauses on her chores. This foreshadows transgressing gender barriers in the story. For a gothic setting to be alienating it could be it makes someone feel isolated or estranged. The girl in The Bloody Chamber feels cut off from her previous, un-married life in the castle surrounded by water. She described how she goes into marriage, into exile and would always be lonely. She feels alone in a patriarchal society because his orefathers had ruled the coast for centuries. This highlights the in which the woman must conform to his wishes, but also connotes medieval undertones of a fairy tale. The girl presents the castle as a magic place, the fairy castle whose walls were made of foam alluding to the supernatural in the magic place like a fairy castle, which highlights gothic architecture of grand castles. The foam however subverts to the gothic as it suggests pleasant freedoms and a lack of substance, almost like its from a dream. In contrast to this image, the reality of a thick darkness, unlit by any tar represents her entrapment and struggle to recover from discovering his dead wives in the bloody chamber. She feels deeply corrupted with no hope of escaping her new knowledge for which she must pay the price, as the room is unlit by stars. This suggestion that women should not have knowledge connotes religious imagery of when Eve corrupted Adam and they paid the price for Eves sin. This knowledge gives the girl the power to question the Marquiss power because when looking at the picture of Saint Cecilia, she asks what had been the nature of her martyrdom? in which she questions her corruption. She suggests Cecilia was only beheaded for her disobeying a man. A bloody chamber is present in some form in each of the ten stories and whilst taking different forms throughout the book, it serves the same symbolic purpose. It is a room where violence and enlightenment occur simultaneously. It is a place of transformation for the heroine. The term the connection between womens sexuality and the violence they experience. ln The Courtship of Mr. Lyon, the bloody chamber is the Beasts room. Even though the Beast does not hurt anyone in the room, it represents the violent and bloody reputation. If the Beast is seen as a being who devours, his room is perceived as a place of terror a bloody chamber. The Beasts room is also a place of transformation for both himself and the heroine. It is there that she realizes her love for him and that he transforms back into a human. Alienating settings can also cause someone to become unsympathetic or hostile. The characters in Wuthering Heights fit in to their new surroundings, subconsciously, and adapt to its beliefs and values and become hostile to their previous way of life. They adapt to the narrow windows deeply set in the wall with a range of gaunt thorns. The Grange rich regal colours such as crimson and blues, showing that the characters have become aware of their social standing and expectations; whereas at Wuthering Heights, there are gaudy painted canisters with objects that are liver-coloured, black and green. Wuthering Heights portrays violence and freedom to act as you please and when Lockwood encounters Cathys ghost he pulled its wrist on the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till the blood ran down and soaked the bed-clothes. He states that terror made me cruel and this fear of what is uncertain or obscure at Wuthering Heights explains his violence. This state contrasts to his highly cultured and civilised behaviour at the beginning of the novel. If a setting is full of menace then it poses a threat or danger in a hostile manor. During Lockwoods first visit of Wuthering Heights he feels threatened by the way he describes its appearance among a wilderness of crumbling griffins. Griffins are inhuman evil creatures, suggesting the residents of Wuthering Heights to be cruel and wild. Lockwood feels under threat because he does not know how to act around a family that is crumbling from societys control. Therefore, passing the threshold would mean Lockwood transgressing the oundaries of social norms. Once inside, Lockwood feels trapped because the narrow windows are deeply set in the wall making it impossible to get out. It gives the impression of a prison, where the morally corrupted are kept, with their secrets and taboos. It can also be seen that Wuthering heights poses a threat to Thrushcross Grange because the characters keep wanting to go there and escape from culture at the Grange and become free from entrapment in an oppressive society and become reunited with nature. This is the case for Cathy, Isabella, Catherine and Nelly, who feel drawn to danger, which is liberating and freeing.

Sophia Western vs. Lady Bellaston On the 4th episode of the novel Tom J

Sophia Western vs. Lady Bellaston On the 4th episode of the novel Tom Jones Sophia Western vs. Lady Bellaston On the 4th episode of the novel Tom Jones, the author has once again given its audience another surprise. Sophia Western and Lady Bellaston are both secretly fighting for the love of the same man. They both like Mr. Jones. However, they refuse to let each other know about their own feelings towards this man. Although they are both wealthy women, they differ in their appearance, attitudes, and most important on their feelings towards Mr. Jones. They look very different from each other. Ms. Western is very young, probably in her early 20s. She has long blonde hair and does not need any makeup to appear beautiful; she is a natural. Lady Bellaston, on the other hand, is much older, probably in her 50s. She is a slim redhead, perhaps with more need to dress up to impress the younger man of her delight. Sophia dresses elegant but rather simple. She could even be considered an old fashioned woman in London. Conversely, Lady Bellaston is very modern and sensual...

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

   Frankenstein is a book about man’s thirst for knowledge, about the way he is not satisfied unless he knows all the wonders of the world. In many cases, this can lead to the destruction of a man’s soul, as it did to Victor Frankenstein. His quest to learn the secrets of heaven and earth ended in disaster. The monster was the embodiment of evil, bringing death and destruction wherever it laid foot. It brought death to Frankenstein’s family, in a pure quest for revenge. Symbolic of most evil, the monster was manmade. In many ways Mary Shelley’s life can be compared to that of Victor Frankenstein’s. Mary must have felt that wherever she went, evil followed, as those closest to her were snatched away. She portrayed this in Frankenstein as Victor’s family was destroyed by the monster, symbolic of the evil she felt followed her. Mary’s marriage is also represented in Frankenstein. Mary’s marriage to Percy Shelley was the happiest time of her life before he was killed. In the same way, Victor’s marriage to Elizabeth was the only joy he had felt in a long time, when just as suddenly she was murdered by the monster, again symbolising the evil that Mary felt killed her husband. Mary also describes very vividly the pain that Victor felt, leading us to believe that she must have felt the same pain and agony. She reveals this in many situations such as the quotes, ‘the overflowing misery I now felt, and the excess of agitation that I endured rendered me incapable of any exertion’ and, ‘a fiend had snatched from me every chance of future happiness; no creature had ever been so miserable as I was’. The ending of the story was that the death of Victor Frankenstein led the monster to believe that his work was done, and so the monster burned himself to death. The creation had ironically led to the death of the creator. Mary believed that in the event of a man’s demise, the evil inside him dies as well. Frankenstein contains a sad ending, with the destruction of a whole family due to a man’s insatiable quest for knowledge. Mary’s life also consisted of a sad ending, in which she was never as happy as she was when with her husband. She died a lonely death, without her loved ones surrounding her, the same fate shared by Victor Frankenstein. The monster in Frankenstein can be compared to the beast in Lord of the Flies. There are both similarities and differences. In both novels, the idea of a monster/beast represents the pure manifestation of evil. Mutually they lead to the destruction and death of those around them. They are equally spawned from the mind and hands of humans. They both originally spring from the minds of humans. To explain, in Lord of the Flies is the imagination of the boys representing evil, and in Frankenstein it is Victor’s wild imagination and thirst for intellect that leads to the creation of the monster. However, this can also be viewed as a particular dissimilarity. In Frankenstein, the monster is bodily real and physically inflicts harm on Victor’s family. However in Lord of the Flies the beast is just as deadly and evil, but is inside the children’s minds. William Golding was born in Cornwall in 1911. His family was progressive and it was the first source of influence for Golding’s talent. He studied physics and English literature at Marlboro and Oxford University of England. From the first years of his life, he faced the atrocities of war. Fuelled with stories his parents related to him about the first war, he took part in the second great war by joining the British Navy at 1940. After the war, William became a teacher at a boys school in Salisbury. Here, he started to act as a writer. He observed many children in their natural environment, and must have witnessed the negative side of a child’s nature countless number of times. This led him to write Lord Of The Flies which was his first published book. William Golding lived through the two biggest wars in history. During his time in the Navy, he had a constant reminder of the evil and brutality in the hearts of men. He saw countless lives lost around him, some belonging to his friends. It had been revealed to him that the pure evil inside a man can start world wars. This, along with his teaching experiences, was his incentive to write Lord Of The Flies. After surviving the war, he saw during his teaching that children were not bereft of evil either. Combining these two topics he wrote Lord Of The Flies, the conflict between humanity’s innate barbarism and the civilizing influence of reason. In the book, he portrays Jack as the embodiment of evil. It is Jack’s thirst for power that causes the breakdown of civilisation. In this way, Jack can be compared to Hitler. Jack did not want to stop murdering until the whole of Ralph’s group were killed. In the same way, Hitler did not want to stop until the world was rid of Jews. Jack’s tribe wore face paint whereas Hitler and the Nazis wore the sign of the Swastika on their arms. Jack is aided in his quest of destruction by Roger, who can be compared to the Nazis. Roger also represents pure evil and wrongness, moreso even than Jack. He derived sadistic pleasure from torturing pigs and the other boys on the island. Similarly, the Nazis tortured the Jews from which they obtained a sick sense of fulfilment. Roger is one of Jack’s most loyal helpers, and gladly carries out his orders, in the same manner the Nazis obeyed Hitler. The ending of the novel can be interpreted in two different ways. The first would be to interpret that William Golding does actually have a positive outlook on life and believes that the end of life will be a happy one. This can be portrayed as the naval officer who has come to end the evil and escape the boys from the clutches of death, and thus the arrival of authority seems like a happy and ironic ending. However if one digs deeper it is just a continuation from one war to another. Once all the boys get on the Navy cruiser, they’ll most likely just be subjected to more battle and fighting, this time on a worldwide level, due to the war taking place in the outside world. To conclude, the common theme in both novels was the evil in man. Both authors had their own experiences that led them to believe that evil resides amongst all of us. They both took their experiences and portrayed them in novels filled with symbolism. Mary Shelley believed that evil is constantly around us, and that no-one can escape. She believed that man has an evil inside of him so powerful that it can lead to the destruction of his own soul. William Golding’s understanding was that every man is born with evil inside him. He didn’t believe in man’s innocence after the second world war. He found that even children are not innocent, saying, ‘No one is innocent until the society and the way of his life make him to pretend that he’s innocent. But sometimes, when a man is facing a difficult situation then he will probably show his other nature, the dark and guilty nature. ‘ Shyam Kanabar Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Martin v Myers

There are two primary grounds of appeal.   The first ground is founded on principles of adverse possession.   It can be successfully argued that adverse possession by definition and application does not arise in this case since it was always the title owners intention that A live on the property.   The second ground of appeal is founded on principles of constructive trusts in which case it can be argued that permitting A to acquire legal title to the trust property is and was contrary to the parties’ intentions.Adverse PossessionMr. Nicholas Strauss QC erred in finding that A acquired title by virtue of the doctrine of adverse possession.   The doctrine of adverse possession requires more than a mere 12 years of undisturbed possession.   As Lord Browne-Wilkinson   explained in J.A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd. and Others v Graham and Another [2003]:â€Å"The question is simply whether the defendant squatter has dispossessed the paper owner by going into ordinary possession o f the land for the requisite period without the consent of the owner.† (J.A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd. and Others v Graham and Another [2003] 1 AC 419)In appears from the ruling in Martin v Myers that Mr. Nicholas Strauss QC took a purely one-sided view of possession. (Martin v Myers [2004] EWHC 194)   For the purposes of the doctrine of adverse possession, possession is required to contain two elements.   Those elements are factual possession and an intention to possess. Slade J in Powell v McFarlane (1977) described factual possession as the exclusive occupation of the land to the extent that a true owner is otherwise entitled to occupy it. Slade J went on to explain that:â€Å"The question what acts constitute a sufficient degree of exclusive physical control must depend on the circumstances, in particular the nature of the land and the manner in which the land of that nature is commonly used or enjoyed.† (Powell v McFarlane (1977) 38 P&CR 452 at 470)Obviously, A’ s possession of the home purchased by E was not intended to dispossess E, an essential element of adverse possession. As it happened, E purchased the property intending for it to be occupied by both he and A and their seven children. Therefore upon his passing, his intentions would have continued and had he not disposed of the property by will it would have and should have devolved by the laws of intestacy. (Administration of Estates Act 1925, Part II)   Certainly he must have intended for A to remain in the â€Å"matrimonial home† until such time as she passed on.   Therefore there could not have been any acquisition of title upon his death by virtue of the doctrine of adverse possession.   A’s possession of the â€Å"matrimonial home† was merely consistent with E’s intention upon the purchase of the home.In disposing of property under Part II of the Administration of Estates Act 1925 the â€Å"matrimonial home† would have been divided among the next of kin. (Administration of Estates Act, 1925)   In this case, since A and E were not wed, the children are the next-of-kin. The home was purchased specifically for the purpose of providing a home for A, E and their children and it is certainly within E’s intention that A should remain in the â€Å"matrimonial home† until such time as she passed on.   The children, who are the appellants in this case, acting in a manner consistent with E, the paper owner’s intention did not insist that A deliver vacant possession upon E’s death.   It would appear to be contrary to principles of equity to interpret their well-meaning conduct against them in a purely technical sense.Aware that there was a constructive trust which provided for A to remain in possession of the â€Å"matrimonial home† the appellants were merely honouring their father’s wishes.   A, on the other hand, by passing the home on to her son P was acting against Eâ€℠¢s intentions and against the spirit and intent of the constructive trust.   When one considers the implications of a constructive trust, it becomes clear that Mr. Nicholas Strauss QC erred on both equitable and common law principles.Constructive TrustsA constructive trust is imposed upon the paper owner of realty in circumstances where it is commonly understood that the property is held for the benefit of the owner and others. (Gissing v Gissing. [1971] AC 886)   In the Martin case there is no question that E held the paper for the benefit of himself, A and their seven children, four of whom are the appellants.   As Lord Justice Dillon said in Springette v Defoe [1992] 2 FLR 388:â€Å"†¦the common intention of the parties must, in my judgment, mean a shared intention communicated between them. It cannot mean an intention which each happened to have in his or her, own mind but had never communicated to the other.† (Springette v Defoe [1992] 2 FLR 388 at p. 393)It i s assumed based on the facts of the Martin case that both A and E intended that the â€Å"matrimonial home† be held upon trust for themselves and their children.   As a result, the children’s interest in the home would not arise until such time as both A and E had died.   Therefore it would be contrary to the intention of the trust as created by E to allow for the children’s interest in the home to arise during A’s lifetime. Therefore the Limitations Act, 1980 could not start to run during A’s lifetime, as she was entitled to remain in the matrimonial home during her lifetime.   Likewise, the appellants’ interest in the matrimonial home did not arise until such time as both A and E had died.The common intentions of the parties is essentially what gives rise to a constructive trust. (Walker v Hall FLR 126) A, by leaving the property to her son P was acting in a manner inconsistent with the trust.   In any event, all that P could do wa s hold the property as trustee for the remaining children and himself as beneficiaries of the trust.   Since it is clear that the property is subject to a constructive trust the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 will apply. (Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996)By virtue of Section 3 of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 the appellants have an interest in the property as well as the proceeds of sale. (Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, Section 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another issue that can be argued on appeal is that the home, which was trust property was sold contrary to Section 11 of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996.   By virtue of Section 11, a trustee may not sell the real estate which is trust property without first obtaining the consent of the beneficiaries under the trust.(Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, Section 11)The courts when called upon to make an or der for sale or otherwise of the property are required to look at the purpose for which the trust was set up in the first place.   Ã‚  Ã‚   .(Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, Section 13)   It therefore follows that had the appellants attempted to dispossess A following E’s death they would have been barred by virtue of Section 13 of the Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 since the property was purchased as a â€Å"matrimonial home† for A, E and their seven children.A’s interest in the matrimonial home is equitable in nature for two reasons.   E purchased the house for both he and A and their seven children.   Her interests together with the children’s interest will be determined by the equitable principles applicable to constructive trusts.   A’s second interest in the property arises out of the fact that she was an occupier of the property under the terms of the constructive trust.   Therefore A could not have dispossessed the appellant’s equitable interests in the matrimonial home by the operation of the Limitations Act 1980. (Smith, 2006)ConclusionA’s occupation of the matrimonial home until her death or until she chose to leave was subject to a constructive trust.   As a beneficiary under the constructive trust she was not dispossessing other beneficiaries under the trust by occupying the matrimonial home.   Therefore the statutory period for the acquisition of title by virtue of the doctrine of adverse possession could not have begun to run and neither could it arise to bar the equitable interests of the other beneficiaries under the trust.Moreover, even if one were to look beyond the operation of the constructive trust principles,   E had always intended for A and the children to remain in the matrimonial home.   Therefore upon his death, the appellants, by failing to claim an interest in the property were merely honouring their father’s wishes.    Wishes he clearly communicated when he purchased the home.   The mere fact that A were permitted to remain in the matrimonial home by the consent of the proper heirs to E’s property since E was not married to E and would not inherit under the laws of intestacy is a bar to any claim under the doctrine of adverse possession.As a result of the application of the legal principles there are two possible approaches to the appeal.   First it can be claimed that the matrimonial home was subject to a constructive trust which gave A the right to remain in the matrimonial home until her death, subject to the beneficial interests of the children.   Secondly it can be argued in the alternative, that E always intended for A to remain in the matrimonial home until her death therefore she could not have acquired title by virtue of adverse possession by occupying the house as long as she did.ReferencesAdministration of Estates Act 1925Gissing v Gissing. [1971] AC 886J.A. Pye (Oxfor d) Ltd. and Others v Graham and Another [2003] 1 AC 419Martin v Myers [2004] EWHC 194Powell v McFarlane (1977) 38 P&CR 452Smith, Roger.(2006) Property Law: Cases and Material.  Ã‚   London: LongmanSpringette v Defoe [1992] 2 FLR 388Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996Walker v Hall FLR 126

BMW

BMW BMW is a German manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles, and aircraft engines. It is one of the top luxury car manufacturers in Europe, North America, and the world today. The company?s initials, BMW, stand for Bayerische Motoren Werke, which in English translates to Bavarian Motor Works. BMW is based in Munich, Germany, and is Europe?s leading automobile exporter.The company can trace back its history to 1913, when Bavarian Karl Rapp started an aircraft engine shop and self-named it Rapp Motor Works. When Rapp resigned, in 1917, the company was taken over by Austrian engineer Franz-Josef Popp who renamed it to what it is currently known as. That same year, Max Friz, the company?s chief engineer, designed BMW?s first aircraft engine. This in turn created a strong demand for BMW?s engines. In effect, BMW?s emblem reflects the company?s beginnings by representing a rotating airplane propeller. Then, when the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 prohibited German companies from fabricating air crafts and aircraft engines, the company began producing air brakes for railways.BMW Welt, Munich, Germany Espaà ±ol: BMW Welt, Mà ºn...In1923, BMW launched its second product line, the R32, a motorcycle, which kept its record speed in motorcycles, for most of the 1930?s.

Natron and its Use in Preserving Egyptian Mummies

Natron and its Use in Preserving Egyptian Mummies Natron is a chemical salt (Na2CO3), which was used by the ancient Bronze Age societies in the eastern Mediterranean for a wide range of purposes, most importantly as an ingredient in making glass, and as a preservative used in making mummies.   Natron can be created out of ash from plants that grow in salt marshes (called halophytic plants) or mined from  natural deposits. The main source for Egyptian mummy-making was at Wadi Natrun, northwest of Cairo. Another important natural deposit used primarily for glass-making was at Chalastra, in the Macedonian region of Greece.   Oh, mummy! Ahmose-Nefertari still looks good today. G. Elliot Smith (1871-1937)/Public Domain/Wikimedia Commons Mummy Preservation Beginning as long ago as 3500 BCE, the ancient Egyptians mummified their wealthy dead in various ways. During the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1099 BCE), the process included the removal and preservation of internal organs. Certain organs such as the lungs and intestines were placed into decorated Canopic jars that symbolized protection by the Gods.  The body was then preserved with natron while the heart was typically left untouched and inside of the body. The brain was often physically discarded.   Natrons salt properties worked to preserve the mummy in three ways: Dried the moisture in the flesh thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteriaDegreased the body fats by removing moisture-filled fat cellsServed as a microbial disinfectant. Natron  was stripped from the bodys skin after 40 days  and the cavities were filled with items such as linen, herbs, sand, and sawdust.  The skin was coated with resin, then the body was wrapped in resin-coated linen bandages. This entire process took about two and a half months for those that could afford to embalm. Earliest Use   Natron is a salt, and salts and brines have been used in all cultures for a number of uses. Natron was used in Egyptian glass-making at least as long ago as the Badarian period of early 4th millennium BCE, and likely in mummy-making about the same time. By 1000 BCE, glass makers throughout the Mediterranean used natron as the flux elements.   Knossos Palace on Crete was built with large blocks of gypsum, a mineral related to natron; the Romans used NaCl as money or salarium, which is how English got the word salary. The Greek writer Herodotus reported natrons use in mummy-making the 6th century BCE.   Making or Mining Natron Natron can be made by collecting plants from salt marshes, burning them until they are at the ash stage and then mixing it with soda lime. In addition, natron is found in natural deposits in Africa in places such as Lake Magadi, Kenya, and Lake Natron in Tanzania, and in Greece at Lake Pikrolimni. The mineral is typically found alongside  gypsum and calcite, both also important to Mediterranean Bronze Age societies. Natron Glass - Unguent Bottle - New Kingdom 18th or 19th Dynasty. Claire H Characteristics and Use Natural natron varies in color with the deposit. It can be pure white, or darker grey or yellow. It has a soapy texture when mixed with water, and was used anciently as a soap and mouthwash, and as a disinfectant for cuts and other wounds.   Natron was an important component for making ceramics, paints- it is an important element in the recipe for the paint known as Egyptian blue- glassmaking, and metals. Natron was also used to make faience, the high-tech substitute for precious gems in Egyptian society.   Today, natron is not used as readily in modern-day society, having been replaced with commercial detergent items along with soda ash, which made up for its use as a soap, glass-maker and household items. Natron has decreased dramatically in use since its popularity in the 1800s. Egyptian Etymology The name natron comes from the term Nitron, which derives from Egypt as a synonym for sodium bicarbonate. Natron was from the 1680s French word which was derived directly from Arabics natrun. The latter was from Greeks nitron. It is also known as the chemical sodium which is symbolized as Na. Sources Bertman, Stephen. The Genesis of Science: The Story of Greek Imagination. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2010. Print. Dotsika, E., et al. A Natron Source at Pikrolimni Lake in Greece? Geochemical Evidence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103.2-3 (2009): 133-43. Print. Noble, Joseph Veach. The Technique of Egyptian Faience. American Journal of Archaeology 73.4 (1969): 435–39. Print. Tite, M.S., et al. The Composition of the Soda-Rich and Mixed Alkali Plant Ashes Used in the Production of Glass. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1284-92. Print.

You can choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

You can choose the topic - Essay Example It has also been noted that consumers are not conscious enough about the pollution that their cars cause the environment. If citizens would opt to use more of the public means of transport as opposed to their cars, then the amount of exhaust gases released to the atmosphere would drastically be reduced. There is a need therefore for the government to take measures to ensure that amount of exhaust gases released by cars is reduced (National Geographic, 2013). Factories powered by fossil fuels release a lot of waste gases to the atmosphere. This is especially pronounced in the developed nations which have vast networks of industries. The exhaust gases released to the atmosphere are mainly carbon dioxide gas and other poisonous gases which significantly cause air pollution. Laxity on the part of the government to ensure that there are constant checks to ensure that gases released are regulated is to blame. Some of these factories are within residential areas and therefore the air polluted poses a significant risk to human health. Some of the gases released may react with rain water to form acidic rains. The government needs to take severer measures to ensure that factories continuously filter the amount of gases they release to the atmosphere to lessen the level of air pollution caused (National Geographic, 2013). Coal is still popular in the US as a source of energy. Coal burns for a long time but unfortunately releases a lot of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. Coal is still significantly being used to generate electricity in the US and in this process it releases millions of volumes of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. Coal is cheap and is readily available thus it has become a favorite option for power generation. There is a need to find alternative source of energy to combat this pollution caused by coal (National Geographic, 2013). Some of the products used at home also have a